1

The effects of error-augmentation versus error-reduction paradigms in robotic therapy to enhance upper extremity performance and recovery post-stroke: a systematic review

Le Yu Liu

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation /2018

5.208

ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL

16/80

Q1

Overall, results suggested that EA induces larger improvement in clinical and kinematic outcomes compared to standard repetitive practice without error modification. Furthermore, results also unveiled the new findings that (i) there is a lack of evidence supporting the superiority of ER over standard repetitive practice in terms of improvement in clinical and kinematic outcomes; and (ii) EA is only superior to ER at improving kinematic outcomes. These findings were supported, globally, with a moderate level of evidence

2

Error Augmentation Enhancing Arm Recovery in Individuals With Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Crossover Design

Farnaz Abdollahi

Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair/2014

4.895

REHABILITATION

1/64

Q1

Outcomes showed a small, but significant benefit to EA training over simple repetitive practice, with a mean 2-week improvement in Fugl-Meyer UE motor score of 2.08 and Wolf Motor Function Test of timed tasks of 1.48 s

3

Error Augmentation in Immersive Virtual Reality for Bimanual Upper-Limb Rehabilitation in Individuals With and Without Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

Leia C Shum

IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng / 2020

4.528

REHABILITATION

7/68

Q1

Augmented feedback or error augmentation (EA) can easily be shown in a virtual environment. Here, visual EA provided via immersive VR was tested for its effectiveness to improve bimanual symmetry in a reaching task. A single-session crossover design was used to test two training cases, with or without EA. With EA, the distance between hands in the forward direction was augmented. Participants were recruited from typically developing (TD) populations (n = 12, ages 13-21) and performed in an adapted environment with an initial asymmetry between limbs. Also, five participants with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) (ages 14-21, MACS I-III) completed the study. Among TD participants, a significantly larger change in symmetry in the adapted environment was shown after EA than training without EA (F (1, 10) = 9.64, p = 0.01). Each participant in the CP group also improved more after EA training (8.8-103.7)%, such that they achieved lower symmetry error after training with EA. As participants in both groups adapted more symmetrically with EA, beneficial changes from this training method could be evaluated in future studies for longer-term functional changes.

4

Error augmentation as a possible technique for improving upper extremity motor performance after a stroke - a systematic review

Sharon Israely

Top Stroke Rehabil/2016

2.177

REHABILITATION

57/155 

Q2

Results: There is limited evidence about the effectiveness of this new method, as only eight studies, with limited methodological quality were found. The participants were usually in the chronic stage after the stroke. Two studies were randomized controlled trials, four used a crossover design, and two were pilot studies. Fugl-Meyer was the most common clinical outcome measure used to assess the effect of treatment. Three studies reported a significant improvement in the effects of EA training compared to control training, and two studies reported a significant treatment effect over time.

5

Custom-designed haptic training for restoring reaching ability to individuals with poststroke hemiparesis

James L. Patton

Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development/2006

1.277

REHABILITATION

22/49   

Q2

We believe that the error-amplification approach presented here for individuals with stroke provides a new pathway for augmenting motor relearning in individuals with brain injury

6

Evaluation of robotic training forces that either enhance or reduce error in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors

James L Patton

Exp Brain Res

. 2006 Jan

2.064

NEUROSCIENCES

129/200

Q3

The stroke EA group showed improvement at initial direction error (8.9 ± 10.9) while the stroke ER group showed deterioration (− 6.8 ± 9.6). The different between EA and ER groups was significant [F(1,13) = 4.29, p < 0.001]. Stroke subjects showed less adaptation capacity than healthy subjects (26%(

7

Error-augmented bimanual therapy for stroke survivors

Farnaz Abdollahi

NeuroRehabilitation

/ 2018

1.986

REHABILITATION

48/65

Q3

Results: Subjects' 2-week gains in Fugl-Meyer score averaged 2.92, and we also observed improvements Wolf Motor Functional Ability Scale average 0.21, and Motor Activity Log of 0.58 for quantity and 0.63 for quality of life scores. The extra benefit of error augmentation over the three weeks became apparent in Fugl-Meyer score only after removing an outlier from consideration.

Conclusions: This modest advantage of error augmentation was detectable over a short interval encouraging further research in interactive self-rehabilitation systems that can enhance error motor recovery.